Financial Accounting Exxon Shell Case Essay

Objective: Understanding the impact of stock valuation suspicions on fiscal reports. Task rundown: You are playing the job of a security examiner who as of late began following the Oil and Gas industry. The expert has an assignment to draw a correlation of a few budgetary markers for two industry pioneers: Exxon Mobil and Royal Dutch Shell, in light of their salary articulations and accounting reports (connected toward the finish of this archive) just as the data from the notes to the fiscal summaries summed up beneath. The two organizations seem, by all accounts, to be very comparative and are comparative in size dependent on absolute resources. A private speculator notes, be that as it may, that some money related proportions give off an impression of being unique. Your errand is to control a speculator through the fundamental advances that will assist them with understanding the impact of stock valuation presumptions on the money related proportions. The accompanying data depends on Exxon’s and Shell’s 2011 Annual Reports. Exxon Mobil Foundation data. Exxon Mobil Corporation was fused in the State of New Jersey in 1882. Divisions and partnered organizations of ExxonMobil work or market items in the United States and most different nations of the world. Their foremost business is vitality, including investigation for, and creation of, raw petroleum and flammable gas, assembling of oil based goods and transportation and offer of raw petroleum, gaseous petrol, and oil based goods. NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Inventories. Raw petroleum, items, and product inventories are conveyed at the lower of current market worth or cost (for the most part decided under the rearward in, first-out technique †LIFO). Stock expenses incorporate consumptions and different charges (counting deterioration) legitimately and by implication caused in carrying the stock to its current condition and area. Selling costs and general and managerial costs are accounted for as period costs and barred from stock expense. Inventories of materials and supplies are esteemed at cost or less (i.e., lower of cost or market). The total substitution cost of inventories was assessed to surpass their LIFO conveying esteems by $25.6 billion and $21.3 billion at December 31, 2011, and 2010, individually (Convert LIFO to FIFO).

Short, Wise Quotes About Life

Short, Wise Quotes About Life Astuteness need not generally be verbose. Indeed, probably the smartest, most paramount statements by celebrated individuals are pretty darn short, yet they pack a ton of significance in their punch. Keeping it short functions admirably most likely on account of K.I.S.S.: Keep it straightforward, dumb. George Bernard Shaw: Life isnt about getting yourself. Life is tied in with making yourself. Eleanor Roosevelt: You should do the things you figure you can't do. Straight to the point Lloyd Wright: truly more significant than the facts.​​ Mother Teresa: If you judge individuals, you have no opportunity to cherish them. Lucille Ball: Love yourself first, and everything else becomes all-good. Stephen Colbert: Dreams can change. In the event that we’d all stayed with our first dream, the world would be invaded with cattle rustlers and princesses. Oprah Winfrey: Failure is another venturing stone to enormity. Stephen Hawking: Be interested. Mother Teresa: If you cannot take care of a hundred people, at that point feed only one. William Shakespeare: Love all, trust a few.​ Michelle Obama: Success isnt about how much cash you make. Its about the distinction you make in people groups lives. Wayne Gretzky: You miss 100 percent of the shots you dont take. Gabrielle Giffords​: Be striking, be brave, be your best. Madeleine Albright: Real leadership...comes from understanding that the opportunity has arrived to move past holding up to doing. Angel Ruth: Dont let the dread of striking out keep you down. Seneca: Luck is the thing that happens whenever arrangement meets opportunity. Anna Quindlen: Don’t ever befuddle the two:â your life and your work. The second is just piece of the first. Thomas Jefferson: He who knows best realizes how little he knows. Dolly Parton: If you need the rainbow, you gotta set up with the downpour. Francis David: We need not think the same to adore alike.​ John Quincy Adams: If your activities rouse others to dream more, find out additional, accomplish more, and become more, you are a pioneer. Maya Angelou: People will overlook what you stated, individuals will overlook what you did, yet individuals will always remember how you made them feel.â Malcolm X: If you dont represent something, youll succumb to anything. Hillary Clinton: Every second squandered thinking back shields us from pushing ahead. Thomas A. Edison: Many of lifes disappointments are individuals who didn't understand that they were so near progress when they surrendered. Katie Couric: it's not possible to satisfy everybody, and you cannot make everybody like you. Jon Bon Jovi: Miracles happen each day. Change your view of what a wonder is and youll see them all around you.​ Eleanor Roosevelt: Do one thing consistently that alarms you.â Tina Fey: There are no mix-ups, just chances. Francis Bacon: A reasonable inquiry is one portion of wisdom.​ Sheryl Sandberg: If youre offered a seat on a rocket transport, dont ask what seat! Simply jump on. Eleanor Roosevelt: Remember, nobody can cause you to feel substandard without your assent. Florence Nightingale: I ascribe my prosperity to this: I never gave or took any reason. Edwin Land: Creativity is the unexpected suspension of ineptitude. Maya Angelou: You can’t go through innovativeness. The more you use, the more you have. Mahatma Gandhi: â€Å"Be the change that you wish to find in the world.†Ã¢ Lao Tzu, Tao Te Ching: When I let go of who I am, I become what I may be. Rosa Parks​: When ones brain is made up, this reduces dread. Henry Ford: Whether you want to or you think you can’t, you’re right. Gloria Steinem: Dreaming, all things considered, is a type of planning.​​​ Christopher Reeve: Once you pick trust, anythings conceivable. Kate Winslet: Life is short, and it is here to be lived. Mahatma Gandhi: â€Å"Live as though you were to bite the dust tomorrow. Learn as though you were to live forever.†Ã¢ Alice Walker: The most widely recognized way individuals surrender their capacity is by deduction they don’t have any. Lao Tzu, Tao Te Ching: Great acts are comprised of little deeds. Amelia Earhart: The most troublesome thing is the choice to act. The rest is only diligence. Ellen DeGeneres: Sometimes you cannot see yourself obviously until you see yourself through the eyes of others.â Walt Disney: All our fantasies can work out in the event that we have the mental fortitude to seek after them.

A Change in Attitude at Two Months Smoke-Free

A Change in Attitude at Two Months Smoke-Free June 24, 2019 Brad More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Personal Stories Methods and Support Overcoming Addiction Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use As time goes by, it can be easy to lose sight of the reasons why you put out that last cigarette and made the decision to quit smoking. After two months, you might forget how much you hated smoking, how it made you  cough, and the shortness of breath you had to deal with. Its also easy to begin feeling sorry for yourself or think about how miserable you are without cigarettes. It happens to many people, especially after the first few months because we begin to romanticize the good old days of smoking. This is called junkie thinking  and it is a potential pitfall that most ex-smokers will face while recovering from nicotine addiction. Without an attitude adjustment, junkie thinking can easily lead to a smoking relapse.? Brads story below is a great example of an aborted junkie thinking slide. Like so many others who grow weary of the recovery process  that can unfold slowly, Brad was in a slump and starting to feel sorry for himself. Through a chance encounter, however, he found an attitude adjustment that put his priorities back in order. Brads Story: Two Months After Quitting Today marks two days since I quit smoking. Yesterday I was thinking about what I was going to put in my two-month milestone post in the smoking forum I belong to. It was not going to be an optimistic posting. No, what I had planned was pretty much a pity party. A full tilt God, I feel awful. Ive not smoked for two months and I still feel like crap. Will this misery ever end? diatribe. Then I was going to sit back and wait for all the comforting, reassuring replies that I knew forum members would send my way. Kinda pathetic, but its the truth. Then last night happened. The Attitude-Changing Encounter One of the things Ive resumed since quitting is going to yoga classes. I go three to four nights a week. Last night was pretty crowded; I guess a lot of people were getting a session in before they abused their bodies on New Years Eve. It was not a particularly good session for me. My mind kept wandering. I was thinking of the party we were going to that night, wondering if anyone there would have a cigarette, if it would be the moment I was going to slip up, etc. At the end of the class, I noticed an attractive young woman (probably early 30s) that I had never seen before. She was talking to the instructor and I overheard her saying that she was from out of town and was just visiting family for a couple of days. We walked out together and made small talk. I asked her how she came to find out about the yoga studio. She said she hadnt done yoga in a while, so on a whim looked online and found the place. She asked me how long I had been practicing. I told her that I started again when I quit smoking. Then I said I had made it almost two months, and that it was a very hard (theres the poor pitiful me part, again). She looked at me and said, Yes, Ive heard from friends that quitting can be really tough. Good for you for quitting. Then she added, You know, this is kind of an anniversary for me as well. Yeah? I said, What anniversary is it? She paused and looked directly into my eyes for a second. It was just about 5 years ago that I had a double lung transplant. It was like someone had hit me in the back with a sledgehammer and all the air had gone out of my lungs. Did she really say double lung transplant? I just couldnt get my head around it. You read about things like that, but to actually meet someone who had gone through it? It seemed impossible. Really, I said, a double lung transplant? She smiled at me. Yes. I have cystic fibrosis, and without the transplant, I would have died. I stammered around trying to think of something intelligent to say. She was very patient, I guess she had been through this situation before. After a couple of minutes, I got up the courage to say, What does the future look like? She said that after five years, the average was that she would have about a 25% chance of making it another year. But thats just an average. Ive had very little rejection issues, and Im feeling great. We talked for another 20 minutes or so. She runs a non-profit animal rescue mission in Brooklyn. She is director of a non-profit dance company. She has a full-time job. She has a significant other. She is living her life. Im not a religious person. I like to think that I have some degree of spirituality, but there is no organized religion that I would be a part of. However, when she said goodbye, all I could do is say, God bless you, April, God bless you. I can never tell you how much it has meant to me to have met you. And I gave her a long hug. Were Making a Choice Like I said, Im not a religious person, but all day Ive been thinking about her. Its sort of like that movie, Its a Wonderful Life.  As if an angel had come down and tapped me on the shoulder. Almost all of us who are quitting are doing it as a matter of choice. It is tough, it is miserable at times, but we have a choice to continue doing damage to ourselves or do everything we can to beat this awful addiction to nicotine. April does not have a choice. She can only deal with the hand that fate has dealt her. There I was, feeling sorry for myself for being miserable about quitting smoking, and someone who has facedâ€"and is facingâ€"mortality every day came and graced me with her presence. And did it with courage and class. A Word From Verywell Quite often, true freedom from something like an addiction is a state of mind. Pay attention to the positive cues that life sends your way, and work to change what smoking means to you. Give yourself time to heal the habits youve developed around nicotine addiction and you can find lasting freedom just as surely as anyone else has.

10 Mistakes to Avoid During Your College Interview

The Theme of Love in Poetry - 1916 Words

The Theme of Love in Poetry Love is a very common theme in poetry. By closely examining the ways in which two poets(one must be pre 1900) have explored this theme. Show what you have found to be similar/different in their handling of this theme. Many people have different views on love. Many of these views throughout the ages are explored through poetry as love has much contemporary relevance in todays society as it ever did before. Two love poems I read which inspired me were Shakespeares Sonnet 116 and Carol-Anne Duffys Valentine. Shakespeares poem is a traditional sonnet written in the late 1660s Renaissance period when at this time love was not a discussed topic in society. The†¦show more content†¦Loves not times fool, though rosy lips and cheeks It is not times fool because it will be there until the end of Time. Love is not at the mercy of Time. Time may be measured in hours and weeks; loves only proper measure begins where time leaves off the edge of doom. Time may alter beauty, but love will not flinch. To define the permanency and durability of love Shakespeare uses comparisons and metaphors successfully to represent his powerful opinions. Shakespeare uses the metaphor It is the star to every wandering bark, as stars are traditional guiding lights which emphasises the permanency of love - for Elizabethans the stars are fixed as God, as a decoration on the floor of Heaven, places them nothing more fixed. To describe the guidance and security love can offer. Shakespeare verifies his perspective on love as being priceless and precious, although his height be taken. The angle of the star could be measured through instruments - although nothing about the star - in itself - would be known - hence the difference in the poem between worth and height Shakespeare uses imagery, which illustrates his strong perspective on love. Shakespeare uses imagery again to describe love as a movement, which it is not, Or bends with the remover to remove it. Shakespeare uses personification to show the relationship betweenShow MoreRelatedPoetry : Theme Of Love1638 Words   |  7 PagesLove in Poetry Studying the theme of love in poetry can help a relationship to move from one level to another. Poems express love in unique ways that draws the attention of both the poet and the recipient to focus and express love in powerful ways. The choice of words and phrases used in poems can provide the insight lovers needs to keep their love strong and live for as long as possible (Literary Devices, 2015). Sometimes love fades because people take each other for granted and forget expressingRead More The Theme of Love in Poetry Essay4662 Words   |  19 PagesThe Theme of Love in Poetry I have chosen to compare four poems, the first one is Porphyrias Lover. It is written by Robert Browning who died in 1889. The second poem, My Last Duchess, is also by Robert Browning. Browning was a great poet in the Victorian age and married Elizabeth Barratt. The third poem is called First Love. It is written by John Clare (1793-1864). The final poem is Ballad. It is an anonymous poem as no-one knows who wrote ballads. This is because they are wordRead MoreThe Theme of Love and Loss in Poetry Essay2011 Words   |  9 PagesThe Theme of Love and Loss in Poetry How on earth are you ever going to explain in terms of chemistry and physics so important a biological phenomenon as first love? Albert Einstein. The subject of love has always inspired poets, writers, and those lucky in love as well. Love is everything its cracked up to be. It really is worth fighting for, risking everything for. And the trouble is, if you dont risk everything, you risk even more. Some of the poets who are soRead MoreEssay on The Themes of Love in Romantic and Victorian Poetry899 Words   |  4 PagesThe Themes of Love in Romantic and Victorian Poetry Within this essay I shall be comparing the themes of love used in ‘Red, Red Rose’ by Robert Burns, ‘Remember’ by Christina Rossetti, ‘So We’ll Go No More A-Roving’ by Lord Bryon, ‘Sonnet XVIII’ by William Shakespeare and ‘Sonnets from the Portuguese XLIII’ by Elizabeth Barrett Browning. To do this I will analyse the different themes of love portrayed by each poet, how the love is declared and explore the ways in whichRead MoreEssay about Themes of Love and Loss in Poetry1278 Words   |  6 PagesThemes of Love and Loss in Poetry In this essay, we are going to analyse five poems to study the way love and loss are treated in the pre-nineteenth century poems, So, well go no more a roving and When we two parted by Lord Byron, Sonnet 116 by William Shakespeare, How do I love thee? by Elizabeth Barrett-Browning and Remember by Christina Rossetti. After looking at the level of implication of each of the poets in their writing, we will show the way they treatRead MoreThe Themes of Love in Shakespeares Sonnets and Other Poetry Essay1161 Words   |  5 PagesThe Themes of Love in Shakespeares Sonnets and Other Poetry Love poetry has been written for many centuries. The ideas expressed by Shakespeare and Browning are still relevant today. Love is not a tangible thing; it is an emotion so it can be perceived in many different ways. Shakespeare has infamously used sonnets to express his ideas on love. Shall I compare theeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦? is a sonnet in which Shakespeare focuses on immortalisation through words. Let me not is anotherRead MoreCompare How the Theme of Love Is Presented in a Selection of Pre-1914 Poetry7665 Words   |  31 PagesCompare how the theme of love is presented in a selection of pre-1914 poetry The theme of love is a universal, timeless issue that has always been discussed and forever will be. People are searching for the true meaning of love and how it is different from person to person and from race to race. Everyone is amazed by how love can make people experience so many emotions and how love can bring sadness and happiness and confusion. ‘La Belle Dame Sans Merci’ By John Keats and ‘Porphyria’s Lover’Read MoreTypes Of Poetry : A Poem Which Deals With Religious Themes, Love, Tragedy, Domestic Crimes, Essay2495 Words   |  10 PagesPoetry Terms Types of Poetry 1. Ballad: A poem which deals with religious themes, love, tragedy, domestic crimes, and even sometimes propaganda. Example- â€Å"Rime of an Ancient Mariner† is an example of a lyrical ballad. ‘Day after day, day after day We stuck nor breathe, nor motion; As idle as a painted ship Upon a painted ocean’ 2. Lyric poem: Any short poem that presents a singular speaker who expresses thoughts and feelings. Love lyrics are common. Sonnets and odes also apply. Example- FallenRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book West 10th And Poetry 1365 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Contemporary Poetry: Journal critique essay West 10th and Poetry Magazines The importance of poetry in a college student’s life cannot be overemphasized. From ensuring that one is conversant with contemporary social and economic issues as well as generally having a large knowledge base on different subject topics. Poetry is important for the enrichment of the soul and the nourishment of the mind. It also helps us step back and look at things from different perspectives. Like any otherRead More17th Century 16th Century Poetry947 Words   |  4 PagesHow is the poetry of the 17th century different from the poetry of the 16th century? The poetry of the 16th century and the poetry of the 17th century were mainly lyrical. However, this similarity of expressing personal thoughts and feelings did not prevent major differences between both periods whether in themes or in structure. Poetry in Elizabethan time was based on courtly love conventions which included conceits and complements. Themes such as the unattainability of the lady, sleeplessness

Critical Analysis of Mass Spectrometry Free Essays

string(140) " similar methods of ionization and due to this many of the modern day mass spectrometers can switch between these two methods effortlessly\." Introduction 1. Background: The analytical technique that I have chosen to give an in-depth analysis of is Mass Spectrometry (MS) This analytical technique is basically the study of ionised molecules in the gaseous phase; its main use is in the determination of the molecular weight of the molecule in the sample under investigation by accelerating ions in a vacuum environment. While this analytical technique has been around for over one hundred years there are significant advances being made to this technique in order to cater for more adverse samples which will be discussed in more detail later on. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Analysis of Mass Spectrometry or any similar topic only for you Order Now The main difference between mass spectrometry and other spectroscopy methods such as NMR is that it not dependant on transitions between energy states which may be responsible for its popularity. The diagram shown below (Figure 1.1.) [1] shows a simple diagram of a common mass spectrometer using electron ionization: Figure 1.1 represents a schematic diagram of an electron ionization-mass spectrometer showing the various processes involved. Courtesy of www.molecularstation.com. In its simplest form the process of determining the molecular weight of the sample typically occur over four main stages which are: Sample volatilisation, Ionisation, Separation and detection. Sample volatilisation: The sample to be analysed if gaseous or volatile can be readily inserted into the mass spectrometer with the more solid samples requiring heating before insertation in order to construct a more volatile or gaseous sample. As can be seen form the above figure the sample is then moved further down the spectrometer towards the area where ionization of the molecules occurs. Ionization: The sample is then hit with a barrage of high energy electrons from an electron gun with a charge of around 70 electron volts (eV). When the molecules collide with the high energy electron beam energy is transferred from the beam to the molecules which cause an acceleration of the molecules. These molecules may then dump an electron forming cation known as the molecular ion (M+†¢) [2]. This interchange is represented in the equation below (Figure 1.2.): M+ e–M+†¢ + 2e– Moleccular Ion This electron barrage usually results in most of the molecular ions fragmenting causing some of the fragments to not gain any charge and remain neutral and have no further part to play. The main purpose of ionisation is to donate a charge to the sample in order for the molecules to break up and become charged. The ionization method discussed here is electron ionisation however there are many other more methods of ionization which will be discussed in detail later on in my analysis. Separation: This beam of newly charged molecular ions then proceed through a mass analyzer which in this case is a very strong controllable magnetic field which separates the charged molecules according to their mass to charge ratio (m/z) causing some of the molecules which are â€Å"too heavy† or â€Å"too light† to be thrown towards the top or bottom of the spectrometer and hence avoid detection. By varying the magnetic field, ions with different m/z values can be detected. Just like there are many different ionization methods for different applications there are also several types of mass analyzers which will also be discussed later. A fundamental consideration in mass spectrometry at this point is mass resolution, defined as R = M/?M. where R is the resolution, M is the mass of particle and ?M is the mass difference compared to adjacent peak with overlap at 10% of peak height. Nowadays a magnetic sector analyzer can have R values of 2000-7000 depending on the instrument [3]. Detection: the final stage in the process is comprised of a detector which then amplifies and records the mass of the ions according to their m/z values. The detector may be set up for detection of molecular ions possessing different mass to charge ratios. The Molecular ions each have a mass that is almost identical to the mass of the molecule (M) and due to the fact that the charges on most of the molecules are usually 1, the value of m/z obtained for each of the ions is simply its mass. The data collected by the detector is fed to a recorder and is presented in the form of a plot of the numbers of ions versus their m/z values [3]. An example of this type of plot is shown below in figure 1.3. [4]: Figure 1.3: A typical graph produced for a sample using mass spectrometry. Picture courtesy of www.research.uky.edu. 2. Methods of Ionization: Electron Ionization (EI): as described above is the simplest method for converting the sample to ions and this method is found on the most common mass spectrometers. Many other simple and complex ionization methods exist for analyzing various samples. Some of these methods include: Chemical Ionization (CI): This is a softer ionization method than EI, causing less fragmentation of the sample under investigation and hence it is mainly used for more sensitive compounds such as 2, 2-dimethylpropane for example which is prone to fragment with little stress. This decrease in fragmentation is due to the ions arising from a chemical reaction rather than bombardment and hence possesses less energy than those produced from EI. In Chemical ionization the molecules to be studied are mixed with an ionized carrier gas which is present in excess. Common carrier gases for CI include ammonia, methane, isobutene and methanol. The selection of the carrier gas depends on the degree of ion fragmentation required. Different carrier gases produce different mass spectra plots. The main advantage of CI is its softer approach lending to clearer results over EI for some samples. Other advantages include the relatively cheap and strong hardware as with EI. The main drawback of using chemi cal ionization in mass spectrometry is the fact that like electron ionization the sample must be readily vaporised in order for the molecules to gain that vital charge. This immediately dismisses the use of high molecular weight compounds and biomolecules [3]. It’s obvious therefore that CI and EI are very similar methods of ionization and due to this many of the modern day mass spectrometers can switch between these two methods effortlessly. You read "Critical Analysis of Mass Spectrometry" in category "Essay examples" Electrospray Ionization (ESI): is a type of atmospheric pressure ionization. This technique is very useful for studying the high biomolecular weight molecules and other samples which may not be very volatile as discussed above. The sample to be investigated is sprayed through a fine capillary which has a charge on its surface, the sample then enters the ionization chamber resulting in the production of multiple charged ions along with single charged ions. This formation of multiple charged ions is very useful in the mass spectrometry analysis of proteins [3]. It is important to note that negative ions may also be formed in ESI and the operation may need to be reversed. ESI has become much more common over the last few years as it relies on a sample in solution which permits its use in LC-MS [5]. Thermospray Ionization (TSI) is closely related to ESI differing only in the fact that it relies on a heated capillary rather than a charged capillary; however ESI remains the more popular of the two methods. Atmospheric-pressure chemical Ionization (APCI): It is obvious form the title that APCI is also a form of atmospheric pressure ionization resulting in a similar interface being used for both methods. This method was born in the 1970’s when it was first combined with liquid chromatography (LC) by Horning et al [6] who conveyed a new atmospheric ion source which used 63Ni beta emission in order to produce the required ions. Even tough APCI and ESI are harmonizing methods the main advantage APCI has over ESI is that it is more effective at determining the mass spectra for less polar compounds due to the reality that the gas phase ionization is more effective in APCI. Many MS instruments are now readily available with high mass resolution and accurate mass measurement, properties which are not as readily available with GC-MS instruments. Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB): this type of ionization method is primarily used for large polar molecules. The sample to be studied is usually dissolved in a liquid matrix which is non-volatile and polar such as glycerol. This sample is then bombarded with a fast atom beam such as Xe– atoms which picks up electrons thus causing ionization from this reaction. This is a simple and fast method to use and is very good for high-resolution measurements. On the downside however it may be hard to compare low molecular weight compounds from the chemical back ground which is always high [5]. Desorption Chemical Ionization (DCI), Negative-ion chemical ionization (NCI), Field Ionization (FI) and Ion Evaporation are other less common ionization methods used in mass spectrometry. 3. Mass Analysers: As described earlier the mass analyzers are used to separate the various ions according to their mass to charge ratio (m/z) and hence focus the ions with the desirable m/z value towards the detector. Some of the mass analyzers available include; Double-Focusing Mass Analyzers, Quadrupole Mass Analyzers, Time-of-Flight Mass Analyzers and Ion Trap Mass Analyzers. Double-Focusing Mass Analyzers are used when a high resolution is of paramount importance. This high resolution is achieved by modifying the basic magnetic design. The beam of ions passes through an electrostatic analyser before or after the magnetic field causing the particles to travel at the same velocity resulting in the resolution of the mass analyzer increasing dramatically. Resolution may be varied by using narrower slits before the detector. It is important to note that this type of analyzer reduces sensitivity but increases accuracy resulting in a fine line between success and failure with regards to detection, for this reason this type of mass analyzer is only used for very selective purposes. Quadrupole Mass Analyzers do not make use of magnetic forces for mass detection; instead they are composed of four solid rods arranged parallel to the direction of the ion beam. Using a combination of direct-current and radiofrequency the quadrupole separates the various ions according to their mass extremely quickly. Quadrupole mass analyzers are most on most GC-MS instruments. Time-of-Flight Mass Analyzers (TOF) operate by measuring the time taken for an ion which has been produced to travel for the ion source to the detector [7]. This is based on the simple assumption that the lighter ions will have a greater velocity and thus will strike the detector first. This type of analyzer has become more and more common in recent years due to the fact that the electronics used in this analyzer have become much more affordable since it was first introduced in the 1940’s. In recent years the resolution and sensitivity of TOF have been increased by the insertation of a reflective plate within the flight tube itself [8]. The main area that this type of analyzer is used is in Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MS) discussed later. The Ion Trap Mass Analyzer is composed of two hyperbolic end cap electrodes and a doughnut shaped ring electrode [7]. It is very similar to the quadrupole analyzer in resolution terms and basics however the ion trap is more sensitive. 4. The Mass Spectra: The main interest that anybody has from the mass spectra is the molecular weight of the sample that was processed. The value of m/z at which the molecular ion (M+†¢) appears on the mass spectrum tell us the molecular weight of the original molecule. The most saturated ion formed from the ionization provides us with the tallest peak in the spectra know as the base peak (Figure 1.2). From this information the determination of very exact molecular weights of substances may be deduced which is probably the most important application of mass spectrometers. This determination also allows use to distinguish between different substances with a very similar molecular mass which we are unable to do ourselves. For example; the molecule C14H14 has a molecular mass of 182.1096 and the molecule C12H10N2 has a molecular mass of 182.0844. These two molecules may only be differentiated by MS as there is only 0.0252 in the difference even tough they are two completely different molecules. The typ e of MS instrument used in this case is a Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer as discussed briefly above which is capable of providing measurements accurate to 0.0001 atomic mass units. The chance of two compounds having the exact same mass spectra is very unlikely and therefore it is possible to identify an unknown compound by comparing its mass spectra obtained with that of a known library of mass spectra for various compounds. 5. Mass Spectrometry in Synergy with other Techniques: Through the years mass spectrometers have evolved to be used not just on their own but used in tandem with a range of other analytic techniques such as Liquid Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) in purity assessment and investigating rat urine, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) for the detection and measurement of illicit drugs in biological fluids. It is LC-MS that has become the gold standard for detection and analyzation of substances. Gas chromatography works particularly well with mass spectrometry too, due to the face that the sample is already in its gaseous form at the interface. This system has been used by De Martinis and Barnes [9] in the detection of drugs in sweat using a quadrupole mass spectrometer which has been discussed earlier. The ability to identify metabolites in the biological fluids mentioned above can be very difficult and this is due to the fact that these metabolites are present in extremely low concentrations such as parts per mill ion (ppm) or even less in some situations. For many years Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) was used to identify these metabolites but in recent times it would appear that mass spectrometry has become the more popular method for detection of the metabolite. This may be due to the fact that MS is more sensitive than NMR resulting in less sample amount being required. 6. Advances in Mass Spectrometry Instruments and their Limitations: As mentioned briefly above it is very difficult to study large biomolecules such as proteins due to the fact that they are large polar molecules which are not volatile and as a result are difficult to convert to a gaseous state in order to undergo ionization. In recent years a solution to this problem has been accomplished with the introduction of Matrix- Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI). MALDI is a laser based soft ionization method which relies on the sample being dissolved in a solution containing an excess of matrix such as sinapinic acid which has a chromophore that absorbs at the laser wavelength, the sample is placed in the path of high intensity protons causing a collision of the atoms with the sample resulting in ionization of the sample molecules causing them to be ejected from the matrix. One of the main advantages of MALDI-MS is that only a very tiny amount of sample is required (1 X 10-5 moles) [3]. This technique has proven to be one of the most successful ionization methods for mass spectrometry analysis of large molecules due to its soft ionization ability. This technique has been used in the drug-biomolecule complexes in order to investigate the interaction properties and sites of biomolecules with various drugs on the market today [10]. This method was also used by Zschorning et al. to investigate the extracts of human lipoproteins after treatment wi th cholesterol esterase’s [11]. This method although very popular suffers some drawbacks. There is a strong dependence on the sample preparation method and any mistake made during sample preparation or any contamination introduced into the matrix during the sample preparation renders the rest of the investigation pointless. Another draw back of this method is the short sample life although some research has been undertaken [12] with the use of liquid matrices in the belief that this may increase the sample life by making use of the self-healing properties of the sample through molecular diffusion. One obvious drawback that may occur is the fact that the sample may not be soluble and hence may not dissolve in the matrix. This problem may be overcome with the use of compression of a finely ground sample and analyte [13]. Another disadvantage which may become of detrimental in the future is the fact that MALDI is not easily compatible with LC-MS, this problem may have to be rectified id the popularity of MALDI is to c ontinue. Electrospray Ionization (ESI) has been described in detail under the methods of ionization section above and it can be seen that this young technique is proving to be very useful with LC-MS to investigate the a variety of molecules including proteins, DNA and synthetic polymers. The main problem with ESI-MS is that the mass spectra produced may contain many peaks of multiply charged ions which may cause confusion in the interpretation of spectra of some samples. The ESI instrument itself can also present with decreased sensitivity due to the presence of impurities such as salts and buffers, this is not the case with MALDI. Although both MALDI and ESI are both very effective methods of developing mass spectra for large molecules such as proteins, MALDI still remains the method of choice for most analyses. However, as discussed above the fact that MALDI is not very compatible with LC-MS may pave the way for a surge in popularity of the LC-MS friendly ESI. 7. The Future of Mass Spectrometry: Mass spectrometry has come along way since 1897 when Joseph J. Thompson used an early mass spectrometer to discover the electron and there is no reason why the mass spectrometer will continue to advance and evolve into the foreseeable future. The mass spectrometer is an extremely versatile analytical tool which can work in tandem and alongside other analytical methods such as chromatography seamlessly. The main areas in which mass spectrometers have been used for quantification of compounds are LC-MS and GC-MS using the various ionization methods respectively. LC-MS is the gold standard in quantitative bioanalyses and is used by the majority pharmaceutical companies. The other minority tend to use other techniques such as High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and UV as they deem LC-MS to be too expensive. An area of mass spectrometry to watch out for in the future is the use of ion-trap technology to perform LC-MS-MS to LC-MS [7]. This method already exists but reliable routine bioanalytical assays have not been produced as of yet. References: [1]http://www.molecularstation.com/molecular-biology-images/506-molecular-biology-pictures/21-mass-spectrometer.html [2]Daniel C. Harris: Quantitative Chemical Analysis, sixth edition (2003) published by W. H. Freeman and Company, New York. [3]Donald L. Pavia, Gary M. Lampman, George S. Kriz and James R. Vyvyan: Introduction to Spectroscopy, fourth edition, published by Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learing. [4]www.research.uky.edu/ukmsf/whatis.html [5]Ionization Methods in Organic Mass Spectrometry [6]Horning, E.C., Caroll, D.J., Dzidic, I., Haegele, K.D., Horning, M.G., andStillwell,R.N. (1974). Atmospheric pressure ionization (API) mass spectrometry. Solvent-mediated ionization of samples introduced in solution and in a liquid chromatograph effluent stream, J. Chromatography. Sci, 12, (11), 725-729 [7]RF Venn (Ed) (2000) Principles and practice of Bioanalysis Taylor and Francis. [8]Ashcroft, A.E. (1997) Ionisation Methods in Organic Mass Spectrometry, Cambridge, UK: The Royal Society of Chemistry. [9]http://www.asms.org/whatisms/p1.html: The American Society of Mass Spectrometry [10]Skelton, R., Dubols, F., Zenobl, R. Analytical Chemistry (2000), 72, 1707-1710 [11]Zschornig, Markus Pietsch, Roesmarie SuB., Jurgen Schiller and Michael Gutschow. Cholesterol esterase action on human high density lipoproteins and inhibition studies: detection by MALDI-TOF MS. [12]Zenobi, R, Knochenmuss, R. Mass Spectrom, Rev. 1999, 17, 337-366. How to cite Critical Analysis of Mass Spectrometry, Essay examples

Balance Between Security and Privacy

Question: Discuss about the Balance Between Security and Privacy. Answer: Introduction: In the contemporary era, the biggest technological and social change is due to the increasing and uninterrupted growth of the internet and its uses. However, the increasing dependence on internet and cyberspace has lead to the emergence of new risks and threats to cyber security for the users. Growing dependence on internet and cyberspace lead to new risks and risk of compromising or damaging the key data on which a person relies. The data is being harmed, compromised or damaged in a way which is hard to detect and cant be defended. Cyber security is an issue which surrounds the positive side and essence of internet nowadays. The internet was designed to be secure but after all, it was never a secure framework though by design it is borderless, horizontal, interoperable and secure but internet is not secure and always poses threat to key data and information. Cyber security is a combination of technology, practices and processes which are grouped together to protect computers, data, information, networks and programs from attacks, crimes, damage or unauthorized access that takes place online with the help of internet access (TechTarget, 2016). Cyber security and physical security both are included in security when talking in a computing context. Cyber security is needed when the key data and information are attacked by hackers, intruders or terrorist without any permission and results in making an unauthorized access to the material information. In case of a cyber-crime, cyber security is needed (Conventus Law, 2016; Prakash, 2017). Cyber crimes emerge out as a new breed of crime which is committed using computers or something related to them. Cyber crimes are originating because of the growing dependence and over dependence on computers and internet. In the modern life, as everything is being computed and run with the help of computer and internet, cyber crimes and cyber attacks are growing day by day. Internet and computers are becoming a necessary requirement for everyone today and they are undoubtedly contributing towards the ease of doing things. However, despite being so helpful and advantageous internet have claimed with the issues of cyber crime and attacks which results in compromising and damaging the material information and key data. On one hand, the advanced internet and computer technologies enhanced the experience of its users, while on the other hand cyber crime and cyber attacks are making it even harder to protect personal, material or key information or data. So, this essay will examine the en hancement and growth of internet but majorly focuses on the cyber security, its effectiveness and need in the present environment of uncountable cyber attacks and crimes. Recommendations are also provided in order to find the best solution for solving the issues of cyber security breaches. Cyber security has the most problematic element of constantly and quickly changing or evolving nature of security risks. Over the last half century, the industry of information technology has evolved increasingly which results in faster, smaller, easier, cheaper and lighter use of IT hardware. (The Economic Times, 2017). Information and communication technology devices are interdependent and breakdown of one can lead to a drastic impact on many others. With the passage of time, experts and professionals have come to the point and expressed the serious concerning issues of protecting information and communication technology systems from being affected and breached by cyber attacks. Cyber attacks are unauthorized access and deliberate attempts to make use, compromise and damage material information by unauthorized persons, intruders, hackers and terrorist. Their objective can be of theft, unlawful actions, damage or disruption. There are increasing number of cyber attacks in Australia and are expected to rise in number in the near time. This is because in future more and more information will be stored electronically and the ability of the cyber attackers to collect, store and analyze the information will grow. The act of protecting IT systems gives birth to the concept of cyber security (Fischer, 2016; Klimburg, 2017). A recent survey of Australian Cyber Security Centre which was conducted among the partner organizations of ACSC concluded that majority of the organizations has suffered security breaches in last year. It is accounted that Australia is the only country which has a maximum number of recorded cyber security incidents than rest of the world. Australian businesses are experiencing losses up to the average budget allocated to security. 58% of the organizations are facing this serious issue of cyber security threats and issues. It is accounted that in 99% of the organizations phishing and social engineering were the most common methods of cyber attacks followed by malware and denial of services (Pearce, 2017). Another cyber crime issue was held in the US health insurer anthem. An administrator noticed that there is an unusual complex query which was running on their computer networks. This resulted in the exposure of sensitive and valuable information of patients and has revealed the unpre pared nature of health industry towards these kinds of cyber attacks. Moreover, recently at a leading childbirth charity, a computer hack resulted in breaching and loss of information of more than 15000 expectant parents including their usernames, email address, and passwords. It happened because of a breach of national childbirth trust (Pearce, 2017). Some of the issues mentioned above are against the law as well against the ethical aspect, thus proved unethical. There is a need to have a significant balance between the privacy and security. In this developing world of e-commerce and internet, privacy is one of the important aspects. Privacy is defined as the right of a person specifying the boundaries and limitations which limit the extent to which the rest of the people can intrude upon or interact with. A person is having full right to control the information related to him or her. The meaning of privacy differs from person to person and everyone see privacy with a different perspective (Business Dictionary, 2017). Similarly, security is the act of the organization to secure and protect digitally transmitted and stored information. Hence, it is very important to identify, understand and analyze ethical issues on privacy and security and associated implications of it. According to the theory of utilitarianism, it states that the decision to be made in any situation will come from the one which is the most advantageous to most and majority of people. The theory states that in the situation where the majority of people are happy with any action, the action will be considered right. Cyber crimes are a result of the lack of knowledge among people about these types of crimes and their happenings. Thus, it can be said that cyber crimes are unethical as well as illegal from the utilitarian theory as it is not benefitting any one and proves to be disadvantageous for all the people. Deontology theory states that when ethics are in play people should stick to their duties and responsibilities during decision making. From the point of view of the people and layman whose information are getting compromised, in this context companies are deontologically wrong in ethical context as they are not adhering their moral responsibilities and duties. The ethical theor y of virtue judges a person by his or her character rather than by any action or work which may deviate from the normal behavior of a person. Thus, the actions of cyber security crime are considered virtually wrong in ethical context as the when the theory judged moral, reputation and motivation of the hackers which seems to be unusual and irregular behavior, so it is considered unethical (Moreland, 2017; Larry Chonko, 2017). In line with the above- stated issues there are some recommendations which can help in resolving the problems. It is recommended that companies and organizations should use the technologically advanced system so that it becomes difficult for the hackers to gain access to the information. The government should make compulsory for every organization to be prepared for any cyber security attack and should have a security system so that the attacks are prevented well before they get worse. Moreover, the government should impose fines on the organizations of not taking proper care of the material personal and confidential information. The companies having personal information of their customers should make a promise to its customers and make them trust on them that their information is safe and secure with the company and there are no chances of compromise and damage to their information. In addition to this, people should be made aware about the illegal and unethical practices of cyber s ecurity crimes so that the number of crimes can be reduced up to an extent. Moreover, the government should also focus on enforcing the strong privacy and security laws and also upgrading the privacy procedures and policies with the objective of maintaining privacy breach. This will make more authorized users of information eliminating many fraud and illegal access. It will also let the user have full control on their information and any access to their information will be done with their consent. The essay starts with the current state of the internet, computer, and technology in the modern world. It also highlights the uses and need of internet and its importance in daily life which leads to the overdependence on the internet. Further, the essay is followed by examples, statistics and recorded cases of cyber security crime which can act as the supporters of our argument. Afterwards ethical analysis of these cyber crime issues is done with the help of ethical theories and it reflects why these actions are wrong when placed opposite ethics. In the end, various recommendations are provided to settle the problems of cyber security crime and with the objective of reducing the number of recorded cyber crime cases. Therefore, a conclusion can be made that no matter how important internet and other information and communication technologies are in our lives, there are many loop holes which affect material and key information of a person, organization or government. So there is a nee d to work hard on this matter to provide better service specifically in the areas of privacy and security and leads to a balance between the two of them. References Business Dictionary, 2017. Privacy. [Online] Available at: https://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/privacy.html [Accessed 13 may 2017]. Conventus Law, 2016. Cyber Security: The Balance Between Security And Privacy. [Online] Available at: https://www.conventuslaw.com/report/cyber-security-the-balance-between-security-and/ [Accessed 13 may 2017]. Fischer, E. A., 2016. Cybersecurity Issues and Challenges: In Brief, s.l.: s.n. Klimburg, A., 2017. National Cyber Security, s.l.: s.n. Larry Chonko, 2017. Ethical Theories, s.l.: s.n. Moreland, J. P., 2017. Ethics Theories: Utilitarianism Vs. Deontological Ethics. [Online] Available at: https://www.equip.org/article/ethics-theories-utilitarianism-vs-deontological-ethics/ [Accessed 12 may 2017]. Pearce, R., 2017. Cyber Security Centre survey reveals alarming rate of data breaches. [Online] Available at: https://www.computerworld.com.au/article/617897/cyber-security-centre-survey-reveals-alarming-rate-data-breaches/ [Accessed 12 may 2017]. Prakash, V., 2017. 1306 words free sample essay on Cyber Crime. [Online] Available at: https://www.preservearticles.com/201106117816/1306-words-free-sample-essay-on-cyber-crime.html [Accessed 13 may 2017]. TechTarget, 2016. Cyber Security. [Online] Available at: https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/cybersecurity [Accessed 13 may 2017]. The Economic Times, 2017. Definition of 'Cyber Security'. [Online] Available at: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/cyber-security [Accessed 13 may 2017].